National Institute for Resources and Environment(NIRE), Japan
1. Project Name
2. Duration
3. Research Category 1
4. Research Category 2
5. Research Field
6. Researchers
7. Affiliation 1
8. Affiliation 2
9. Address
10. Country
11. Phone
12. Fax
13. Project Summary
14. Publications
15. International Joint Study with
1 Research on characterization of PSCs (polar stratospheric clouds) and their
heterogeneous interaction with halogen reservoir molecules
2 1996-1998
3 global change, air, atmosphere, stratosphere, aerosol, trace gas
4 characterization, reaction mechanism
5 chemical physics, phase transformation, spectroscopy, reaction mechanism
6 Masaru SATO, Hiroshi IZUMI, Osamu SETOKUCHI, Sadao MATSUZAWA, Yukio SHIMIZU,
Ikuo TAMORI
7 Excited States chemistry Div., Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8264
12 81-298-61-8258
13 Heterogeneous conversion of halogen reservoir molecules to active species on
the surface of PSCs (polar stratospheric clouds) aerosol is thought of the
most impotant role for antarctic and arctic ozone hole. In this research,
we produce modeled PSCs in equibalent tempereture and pressure of polar
stratospheric winter and characterize them. Thereafter, modeled PSCs will
be compared with remote sensing data of ILAS instrument which will be
installed in ADEOS satelite following by diagnose satelite arosol data.
We also will be measure heterogeneous reactions on modeled PSCs.
14 1) Masaru SATO, Hiroshi IZUMI and Sadao MATSUZAWA, Infrared Spectra of Modeled
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) Films (in Japanese), Dai 6 kai
Taikikagaku Shinpojiumu, STE Nagoya University (Toyokawa), 106-109,
12/21/1995-12/22/1995
15
1 Characterization and photochemical ractions of organic compounds in aerosols
2 1995-1997
3 air, atmosphere, hazardous substances, particles
4 characterization, reaction mechanism, measurement, fate
5 chemistry, physical chemistry, mass spectrometry, reaction mechanism
6 Takesige WAKABAYASHI, Yukio SHIMIZU
7 Excited States chemistry Div., Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8260
12 81-298-61-8258
13 Detection and analysis of organic compounds on aerosols and find processes of
their fate in the atmospheric environment.
14 1) J.J.GAUMET,A.WAKISAKA,Y.SHIMIZU,and Y.TAMORI,Energetics for Carbon Clusters
produced directly by Laser Vaporization of Graphite:J. Chem. Soc., Faraday
Trans.,89,1667-1670,1993
2) A.WAKISAKA,J.J.GAUMET,Y.SHIMIZU,Y.TAMORI,H.SATO and K.TOKUMARU,Growth of
Carbon Clusters:J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.,89,1001-1005,1993
15
1 Removal of nitroarmatic compounds by activated sludge processes
2 1992-present
3 waste water
4 waste water treatment engineering
5 engineering microbiology chemistry
6 Yasutoshi, MATSUI, Yuichi SUWA, Fumio YAMAGUCHI, Yoshikuni URUSHIGAWA,
Yoshitaka, YONEZAWA
7 Ecological Chemistry and Microbilogy Div. Hydroshperic Environmental
Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 JAPAN
11 81-298-61-8316
12 81-298-61-8309
13 Nitroarmotic compounds are important products/intermediates of chemical
industries, which are widely used as dyes, pesticides, plasticizers,
explosives, and solvents. Nitroaromatics are generally resistant to
biodegradation and potential environmental contaminants, which have
beendetected from environments. We selected p-nitrophenol (PNP) and
2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) as model substances, and have developed wastewateer
treatment techniques. We found that the operational mode of the PNP
acclimation of activated sludges strongly affected the PNP degradation
features of predominant PNP degraders. PNP degraders enriched by a continuous
reactor had higher affinity to PNP and were relatively sensitive to PNP
concentration. We isolated representative PNP degraders from both types of
reactors, and are further characterizing them enzymatically and genetically.
14 1) Matsui Y. et al. Growth Characteristics of Activated Sludges Acclimated
to para-Nitrophenol in Batch and Continuous Modes. Wat. Sci. Technol.
29:327-333. 1994.
2) Matsui Y. et al. Variety of 4-Nitrophenol Degradation Kinetics by
Bacterial Isolates from Activvated Sludges. Abstr. 95th Gen. Met. Am.
Soc. Microbiol. 1994.
15
1 Transformation processes of volatile chemical substances in the environment
2 1996-1999
3 global change, air, soil
4 reaction mechanism, fate, remediation
5 chemistry
6 Koji TAKEUCHI, Shuzo KUTSUNA, Nobuaki NEGISHI, Hitomi KOBARA
7 Photoenergy Application Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8162
12 81-298-61-8158
13 Organic and inorganic volatile substances are transformed in the atmosphere.
Photochemical reactions of the volatile compounds are studied to clarify the
atmospheric degradation and removal processes.
14
15
1 Electrochemical Studies on CO2 Reduction Catalysis Mediated by Metal Complexes
2 1996-1999
3 global change
4 reaction mechanism
5 chemistry
6 Koji TAKEUCHI, Kazuhide Koike, Hisao Hori
7 Photoenergy Application Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8161
12 81-298-61-8158
13 This project aims at electrochemically elucidating of reaction mechanism for
CO2 reduction catalysis and developing electrochemical CO2 reduction metal
complex catalysts
14 1) Hisao HORI et al., Efficient carbon dioxide photoreduction by novel metal
complexes and its reaction mechanisms, Energy Conv. Management 36, 62,
1995.
15
1 Research and Development of the Artificial Photosynthesis System
2 1994-1998
3 global change
4 counter measures, reaction mechanism
5 chemistry
6 Takashi IBUSUKI, Koji TAKEUCHI, Kazuhide KOIKE, Hisao HORI
7 Photoenergy Application Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8162
12 81-298-61-8158
13 This project aims to develop the photochemical system which can perform the
conversion of CO2 and H2O into high energy products (hydrocarbon, organic
acids, etc.) using solar energy. As the active element in this system, we
have focused on two candidates, metal oxide semiconductor and metal complex
photocatalyst. To improve their reaction efficiencies and product
selectivities, modification of the semiconductor surface by metal particle
loading and ligand modification of the complex species were studied and the
significant enhancement of the reaction yields was achieved by palladium metal
loading to the semiconductor and phosphorous ligand introduction to the
rhenium carbonyl complex.
14 1) Hisao HORI et al., Efficient Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction by Novel
Complexes and its Reaction Mechanisms, Energy Conversion and Management,
36, 621, 1995,
2) Osamu ISHITANI et al., Photophysical Behavior of a New CO2 Reduction
Catalyst, Re(CO)2(bpy){P(OEt)3}+, Inorg. Chem. 33, 2712, 1994.
15
1 Development and Environmental Acceptability Study of New Alternative
Chlorofluorocarbons
2 1995-2000
3 global change, air
4 reaction mechanism, impact assessment
5 chemistry
6 Takashi IBUSUKI, Shin-ya YOKOYAMA, Koji TAKEUCHI, Kazuhide KOIKE, Shuzo KUTSUNA
7 Photoenergy Application Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8163
12 81-298-61-8158
13 This project aims at developing the experimental methods to evaluate
atmospheric lifetime and degradation products of chemical species mainly as
the environmental acceptability study of the developing alternative
refrigerants such as fluorinated ethers.
14 1) Shuzo KUTSUNA et al., Heterogeneous Reactions of Fluorinated Ethers on
Allophane and Titanium Dioxide, Proc. Int. Symp. Environ. Impacts of Adv.
Alternatives to CFC, Tsukuba, Japan, pp.163-168, 1996
15
1 Development of Technology for Removing Air Pollutants by Photocatalysis
2 1993-1997
3 air
4 counter measures, remediation, reaction mechanism, monitoring
5 chemistry, material science
6 Takashi IBUSUKI, Shin-ya YOKOYAMA, Koji TAKEUCHI, Shuzo KUTSUNA,
Hitomi KOBARA, Nobuaki NEGISHI
7 Photoenergy Application Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8162
12 81-298-61-8158
13 This project aims at developing technically and economically feasible
purification methods for ambient air. Photocatalysts based on titanium
dioxide were found to remove ppm-level nitrogen and sulfur oxides from air
by oxidation. As the catalysts require only near ultraviolet light for
activation and water for regeneration by rinsing the oxidation products
(nitrate and sulfate) off, the catalysts can be operated outdoor conditions
with natural energies only. The reaction mechanisms, improvement of
photocatalytic activity, and immobilization of the catalysts are studied in
the project.
14 1) Takashi IBUSUKI et al., Removal of low concentration nitrogen oxides
through photoassisted heterogeneous catalysis, J. Molec. Catal., 88,
93-102, 1994,
2) Koji TAKEUCHI et al., Removal of nitrogen oxides from air by catalytic
oxidation with photoenergy, Shigen to Kankyo, 3(2), 103-110, 1994,
3) Koji TAKEUCHI, Air-purifying sheets for cleaner streets, Look Japan,
41(12), 24-25, 1995
15
1 Japanese Study on the Behavior of Greenhouse Gases and Aerosols
2 1990-1999
3 global change, air, water, ocean
4 counter measures, reaction mechanism, measurement, monitoring, modeling
5 chemistry, geophysics
6 Takashi IBUSUKI, Koji TAKEUCHI, Shuzo KUTSUNA, Kazuhide KOIKE, Hitomi KOBARA
7 Photoenergy Application Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8168
12 81-298-61-8158
13 This project aims at conducting research and observation on long-term trend
of greenhouse materials and on the material circulation and quantitative
analysis of natural balance in order to estimate and predict influence of
anthropogenic and natural greenhouse gases.
14
15
1 Study on Chemical Reactions in the Stratosphere
2 1995-1997
3 global change
4 reaction mechanism
5 chemistry
6 Takashi IBUSUKI, Koji TAKEUCHI, Kazuhide KOIKE, Shuzo KUTSUNA
7 Photoenergy Application Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8163
12 81-298-61-8158
13 This project aims at developing the experimental methods to measure the
reaction probability of the heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen species on
ice or aerosols under the similar reaction conditions as in the stratosphere.
14
15
1 Development of New Refrigerants , Blowing Agents and Cleaning Solvents for
Effective Use of Energy
2 1994-1999
3 global change, air
4 reaction mechanism, impact assessment
5 chemistry
6 Takashi IBUSUKI, Shin-ya YOKOYAMA, Koji TAKEUCHI, Kazuhide KOIKE,
Shuzo KUTSUNA, Mitsuhiro TOMA
7 Photoenergy Application Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI and RITE
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8163
12 81-298-61-8158
13 This project aims at developing the experimental methods to evaluate
atmospheric lifetime and degradation products of chemical species mainly as
the environmental acceptability study of the developing alternative
refrigerants such as fluorinated ethers. The removal processes through
photolysis, dissolution into water droplets as clouds, degradation on solid
particles as aerosols are investigated.
14 1) M. TOMA et al., Measurement of Uptake Coefficients of Some Acetyl Halides
and Fluorinated Ethers into Water, Proc. Int. Sym. on Environ. Impacts of
Adv. Alternatives to CFC, Tsukuba, Japan, pp.139-144, 1996.
15
1 Energy System Analysis
2 1995-1999
3 global change
4 source inventry
5 engineering, system analysis
6 Atsushi INABA, Yasuhiko KONDOH
7 Fundamental Research Lab. Energy Resources Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8430
12 81-298-61-8430
13 An analysis to estimate energy consumption of all processes related to the
technologies and/or the industrial products in the life cycle must be
developed. It must be useful to estimate emissions of CO2 and other
greenhouse gases, and energy resources consumption.
14
15
1 VOC ( Volatile Organic Compounds ) Decomposition in Plasma
2 1994-1996
3 air, hazardous substances @
4 counter measures, reaction mechanism
5 chemistry, electrostatics
6 Shigeru FUTAMURA, Aihua ZHANG, Yukio SHIMIZU
7 Excited State Chemistry Division, Atmospheric Environmental Protection
Department
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8266
12 81-298-61-8409
13 The goal of this research is to elucidate mechanisms for plasma chemical
decomposition of VOCs and clarify the effects of reaction parameters such as
background gas, residence time, field strength, and input energy density on
decomposition efficiencies and product distributions. The data obtained to
date show that the initial steps for VOC decomposition proceed homolytically
via energy transfer from hot electrons in nonthermal plasma media, independent
of electron affinities of VOCs. VOC decomposition efficiencies increase with
the magnitudes of field strength and input energy density.
Active oxygen species partly promote initial VOC decomposition, but its
contribution is much smaller than its nonoxidative decomposition. Product
distributions are greatly affected by background gas and humidification.
Better carbon recoveries and lower organic byproduct yields are obtained due
to promoted autoxidation of intermediate radicals derived from VOC
docomposition. Water promotes monooxygen transfer in plasma, accelerating
alcohol formation from paraffins, epoxidation of olefins, and oxidation of
CO to CO2D
14 1) Shigeru Futamura, et al., Towards Understanding of VOC Decomposition
Mechanisms Using Nonthermal Plasma, Proc., IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting,
Orlando, 1453-1458,1995
15
1 Development of Technique for Decomposition of Flame-resistant Macromolecular
Organic Materials
2 1995-1999
3 wastes, flame-resistant plastics
4 counter measures
5 chemistry
6 Ikuo TAMORI, Yukio SHIMIZU, Shigeru FUTAMURA, Yoshiki SATO
7 Excited State Chemistry Division, Atmospheric Environmetal Protection
Department
Hydrocarbon Research Division, Energy Resources Department
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8266
12 81-298-61-8409
13 The goal of this research is to develop techniques for hydrocracking
flame-resistant macromolecular organic materials. It is vitally necessary to
explore cheap hydrogen donors instead of gaseous hydrogen and active catalysts
promoting hydrogen transfer from hydrogen-donor solvent systems to
flame-resistant macromolecular organic materials. It has been revealed that
organic fractions of coal liquefaction residues (CLR) obtained in the NEDOL
Process act as effective hydrogen-donors and hydrogen-shuttlers. Binary
systems of tetralin and CLR are expected to be feasible hydrogen-donor solvent
systems. Ni and some active carbons with high O/C ratios have been shown to
be promising catalysts transferring solvent hydrogens to flame-resistant
macromolecular organic materials. Carbon materials can be expected as robust
catalysts against deactivation in this research, and their exploration is
still in progress.
14 Shigeru Futamura, Relationship between Hydrogen-donating Abilities and
Structural Parameters of Solvent Systems in Coal Liquefaction, Coal Science,
1231-1234,1995
15
1 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide
2 1991-1996
3 global warming
4 counter measures
5 chemistry
6 Masahiro SAITO, Yoshiyuki SASAKI, Tadahiro FUJITANI, Isao Takahara,
Ken-ichi TOMINAGA, Naoki MIMURA
7 Chemical Process Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8170
12 81-298-61-8158
13 The objective of this research project is to develop new reactions and high
performance catalysts for hydrogenating carbon dioxide to produce useful
chemicals such as methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether and so on.
14 1) Tadahiro Fujitani, Masahiro Saito, et al., Effect of Support on Methanol
synthesis over Cu Catalysts, Chem. Lett., 1994, 1877
2) Ken-ichi Tominaga, Yoshiyuki Sasaki, Masahiro Saito, et al.,
Ruthenium Complex Catalysed Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon
Monoxide, Methanol and Methane, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 629
3) Masahiro Saito, Tadahiro Fujitani, Isao Takahara, et al., Development of
Cu/ZnO-Based High Performance Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis by CO2
Hydrogenation, Energy Convers. Mgmt, 36, 577(1995)
15
1 New Chemical Reactions for Utilizing Carbon Dioxide
2 1991-1996
3 global warming
4 counter measures
5 chemistry
6 Masahiro SAITO, Yoshiyuki SASAKI, Tadahiro FUJITANI, Isao Takahara,
Ken-ichi TOMINAGA, Naoki MIMURA
7 Chemical Process Div., Global Warming Control Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8170
12 81-298-61-8158
13 The objective of this research project is to develop new chemical reactions
and high performance catalysts for utilizing carbon dioxide to produce useful
chemicals such as propylene, stylene, alkyl carbonates and so on.
14 1) Ken-ichi Tominaga, Yoshiyuki Sasaki, Masahiro Saito, et al., Reverse
Water-Gas Shift Reaction Catalyzed by Ruthenium Cluster Anions",
Chem.Lett., 1994, 1391
2) Ken-ichi Tominaga, Yoshiyuki Sasaki, Masahiro Saito, et al., Ethylene
Oxide-mediated Reduction of CO2 to CO and Ethylene Glycol Catalysed by
Ruthenium Complexes, J.Chem.Soc.Chem.Commun., 1995, 1489
3) Ken-ichi Tominaga, Yoshiyuki Sasaki, Masahiro Saito, et al., A Novel
Homogeneous Hydrogenation of CO2 catalyzed by Ru Complex: the formation
of CO and glycols from alkylene oxide, CO2 and H2, Ionics, 21(ex.2),
117(1995).
15
1 Removal of Toxic Chlorinated Compounds in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
2 1994-2000
3 water, hazardous substances
4 counter measures
5 chemistry, biology
6 Akira MIYAZAKI, Shinji WADA, Kenji TATSUMI, Takao YAMAGISHI,
Hiroyasu ICHIKAWA, Kengo MORIMOTO, Yousuke IIMURA
7 Advanced Water Treatment Lab., Ecological Chemistry and Microbiology Lab.,
Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8321
12 81-298-61-8308
13 A large number of toxic organic compounds are present in pulp and paper mill
effluents. The mills have been confronted with very seriousproblems, that is,
the potential environmental impact of their effluents.In particular, low
molecular chlorinated compounds have become of interest in recent years
because of their tendency of bioaccumulation and mutagenic effects. It is
hard to remove them by an activated sludge process because of biorefractory
and it is also difficult to remove them by coagulation and sedimentation.
We have developed removal of toxic organic compounds by combination treatment
of an enzyme (oxidoreductase) and a cationic polymer coagulant.This treatment
can be applied in the removal of chloroguaiacols and chlorocatechols from pulp
and paper effluents. In addition, degradation and detoxification of coagulated
matters by lignin-degradable fungi and anaerobic bacteria have been studied.
14 1) Kenji Tatsumi et. al.,Enzyme-Mediated Coupling of 3,4-Dichloro- anilines
and Ferulic Acid, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28,210-215,1994,
2) Removal of Phenols from Wastewater by Soluble and Immobilized Tyrosinase,
Biotechnol. Bioeng., 42,854-858,1993,
3) Removal of Phenols and Aromatic Amines from Wastewater by a Combination
Treatment with Tyrosinase and a Coagulant, Biotechnol. Bioeng.,
45,304-309,1995.
15
1 Elucidation of Material Cycle in Coasl Environment and Development of
Monitoring Techniques
2 1994-1998
3 water, ocean, hazardous substances, sediments
4 measurement, fate, monitoring, reaction mechanism
5 chemistry
6 Akira MIYAZAKI, Kenji BANSHO, Mamoru TOMINAGA, Hiroaki TAO, Akira KIMURA,
Takashi IMAGAWA, Nobuyoshi YAMASHITA
7 Water Analysis Lab, Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8338
12 81-298-61-8308
13 The objectives of this project are to use artificial chemical substances,
rare earth metals, heavy metals and lead isotopes as tracers to investigate
the material cycle in the coastal environments and to develop analytical
techniques and monitoring technique. Based on three-dimensional analysis of
the tracers, the transition in the flow of substances into the marine
environments in recent years and behavior in the environment will be elucidated.
14 1) Nobuyoshi Yamashita, Ultra-trace level measurement of non-orhto planar
PCBs in sea water using in situ filtrate/adsorption water sampler,
Journal of NIRE, 4, 4, 315(1995)
15 Kiel Univ.,Germany
1 Control Techniques of Hazardous By-products in Industrial Waste Incineration
2 1993-1996
3 wastes, hazardous substances
4 measurement, fate, monitoring, reaction mechanism
5 chemistry, engineering, toxicology
6 Mamoru TOMINAGA, Takashi IMAGAWA
7 Water Analysis Lab, Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8338
12 81-298-61-8308
13 The objectives of this research are to clarify for generation mechanisms of
hazardous compounds in the combustion process, and to develop the proper
incineration techniques for the industrial waste that contained halogenated
organic compounds.
14 1) Takashi Imagawa et. al., Isomer Specific Analysis of Tetra- and
pentachloronaphthalene in Fly Ash and halowax,J. Envir. Chem.,
3,2,221-230,1993
2) Takashi Imagawa et. al., Determination of Congener Composion of halowax
Using an Atomic Emission Detector,Bunseki Kagaku, 43, 629-633
15
1 The Origin and Accumulation of Hazardous Substances in East-Asia Seas
2 1995-1997
3 Wide Marine Pollution, Organotin, Organohalogen Compounds, Mussel
4 analysis, measurement, fate, monitoring, reaction mechanism
5 chemistry, oceanography, toxicology
6 Mamoru TOMINAGA, Takashi IMAGAWA
7 Water Analysis Lab, Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8338
12 81-298-61-8308
13 The goal of the research project is to clarify the occurrence and behavior
of hazardous substances in East-Asia seas by measuring organotin and
organohalogen compounds in seawater, sediments and mussels.
The main purpose of this year is to develop analytical and sampling methods
for these compounds.
14 C.RQuetel, H.Tao, M.Tominaga, A.Miyazaki, Anal. Chem.,(submitted)
15
1 Continuous Monitoring Technique for Volatile Chlorooraganics from Factories
2 1995-1998
3 volatile chlorooraganics, chemiluminescence, quartz crystal microbalance
4 analysis, measurement, monitoring
5 chemistry, engineering
6 Akira MIYAZAKI, Mamoru TOMINAGA, Hiroaki TAO, Takashi IMAGAWA, Ryuiti NAGANAWA
7 Water Analysis Lab, Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8338
12 81-298-61-8308
13 The object of this investigation is to develop a continous monitoring method
based on a chemiluminescence and quartz crystal microbance sensor for
pollution by volatile chloroorganics such as trichloroethylene and
tetrachloroethylene.
14
15
1 Thermochemical Liquidization and Speedy Anaerobic Treatment of Food Waste
2 1996-2000
3 Waste treatment, biomass waste, garbage, food waste
4 Liquidization, anaerobic treatment, methane production
5 Chemistry, biology engineering
6 Shigeki SAWAYAMA, Sei-ichi INOUE, Tatsuo YAGISHITA, Kenichiro TSUKAHARA,
Tomoaki MINOWA, Tomoko OGI
7 Biomass Laboratory, Global Warming Control Department
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8184
12 81-298-61-8158
13 Biomass waste, such as sludge, is thermochemically liquidized and the
liquidized product is successfully anaerobically treated to produce methane.
14 S.Sawayama, S.Inoue, K.Tsukahara, T.Ogi, Thermochemical Liquidization of
Anaerobically Digested and Dewatered Sludge and Anaerobic Retreatment.
Bioresource Technology, 55, 2, 141-144, 1996
15
1 Beneficial Utilization of Eucalyptus Silvicultured at Biomass Plantation for
Environmental Preservation
2 1995-1997
3 Tannin extraction, biomass utilization, biomass plantation
4 Critical water extraction, liquidization, hot compressed water
5 Chemistry, engineering, biology
6 Tomoko OGI, Sei-icni INOUE, Tomoaki MINOWA, Sigeki SAWAYAMA
7 Biomass Laboratory, Global Warming Control Department
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8181
12 81-298-61-8158
13 Eucalyptus and other fast growing species trees silivicultured in plantation
in Australia are thermochemically converted to fuel and/or chemicals.
14 T.Ogi, T.Minowa, S.Inoue, Y.Yazaki, Thermochemical Conversion of Eucalyptus
and other Woody Biomass silvicultured in Australia and Japan. Joint
Australia / Japanese WS.Proceeding 1995.
15 International Joint Research with CSIRO Forestry and Frorest Products Div.,
Australia.
1 Hydrogen Production from Wet Biomass by Catalytic Gasification at
Lower Temperature
2 1996-1998
3 Hydrogen Wet biomass, Metal catalyst, Renewable energy
4 Steam gasification, Super critical condition, Reaction mechanism
5 Engineering Chemistry
6 Tomoaki MINOWA, Sei-ichi, INOUE, Tomoko OGI, Sin-ya YOKOYAMA
7 Biomass Laboratory, Global Warming Control Department
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8183
12 81-298-61-8158
13 Hydrogen is produced by gasification of wet cellulosic biomass in the
presence of Ni catalyst at 300-400oC 14 Hydrogen Production from
Wet Cellulose by Low Temperature Gasification Using a Reduced Ni Catalyst.
Chem. Lett. 937-938, 1995
15 Exchange of information with Prof.M.Antal of University of Hawaii.
1 Biofuel Production for Environmental Preservation
2 1995-1998
3 Microalgae, biofuel, waste water treatment, energy production
4 Incubation liquefaction
5 Biology, chemistry, engineering
6 Sigeki SAWAYAMA, Kenichiro TSUKAHARA, Sei-ichi INOUE, Tatsuo YAGISHITA,
Tomoaki MINOWA, Tomoko OGI
7 Biomass Laboratory Global Warming Control Department
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8184
12 81-298-61-8158
13 Hydrocarbon-rich microalgae is cultured in treated sewage water and fuel
oil is recovered by liquefaction of microalgae.
14 Y.Dote, S.Sawayama, S.Inoue, T.Minowa, Recovery of liquid fuel from
hydrocarbon rich microalgae by thermochemical liquefaction, Fuel 73,12
1855-1857, 1994
15
1 Power-generation System by using Biological Metabolic Function
2 1995-1997
3 Bio-fuel cell, microalgae
4
5 Biology,electrochemistry
6 Tatsuo YAGISHITA, Kenichiro TSUKAHARA, Shigeki SAWAYAMA, Tomoko OGI
7 Biomass Laboratory Global Warming Control Department
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8186
12 81-298-61-8158
13 Electrons generated during photosynthesis and/or respiration of microalgae
is directly taken out and converted to electricity.
14 T.Yagishita, S.Sawayama, K.Tsukahara, T.Ogi, Photosynthetic bio-fuel cells
using immobilized cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis M-3. Immobilized Cells:
Basics and Applications, 563-569, 1996 Elsevien Science
15
1 Analytical Method of Trace Component of Volatile Metals
2 1996-1998
3 air, hazardous substances
4 measurement, source inventory
5 chemistry
6 Shoji OISHI
7 Air Quality Measurement Div. Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-828‚Q
12 81-298-61-8258
13 It is well known that volatile metals such as Cd, Pb and Zn are highly
condensed in small particles and have a harmful effect on human health.
It is especially required that the valency of these metals is determined
because of the correlation of the harmfulness.
In this research, the analytical method that can be highly sensitive to
these metals simultaneously, and quantitatively analyze the valency of the
metals is established.
14
15
1 Optical Characteristics of Aerosol Related to Atmospheric Radiation
2 1994-1996
3 global change, air
4 measurement, monitoring, modeling
5 physics
6 Masaaki SHIRAHASE, Hidenori YOSHIYAMA, Nobuyuki KOGURE, Akihiko OHI
7 Air Quality Measurement Div. Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8285
12 81-298-61-8259
13 This research aims at basically clarifying and estimating the effect of
tropospheric aerosol on atmospheric radiation. The measuring method of
scattered light from a single particle suspended and fixed in electromagnetic
fields is established, and the optical characteristics of an atmospheric
aerosol is found.
14 Hidenori Yoshiyama et al., Measurement of Size Distribution from Angular
Distribution of Scattered Light and Its Spectrum at a Given Scatterring
Angle, J. Aerosol Research Japan, 9, 134-143, 1994
15
1 Environmental Fate of Volatile Hazardous Air Pollutants
2 1996-1998
3 air, hazardous substances
4 measurement, monitoring, fate
5 chemistry
6 Toshiyuki TANAKA, Shingo UEDA
7 Air Quality Measurement Div. Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8281
12 81-298-61-8281
13 In order to clarify the chemical destruction process of the hazardous air
pollutants and make use of the environmental management of hazardous volatile
organic compound, this research measures the ambient concentration of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) in various fields, and investigates the creation and
disappearance process of VOC in the ambient air condition.
14
15
1 Development of Automatic Measuring Methods of Properties for Particulate
Matter from Stationary Sources
2 1993-1996
3 air
4 measurement, source inventory
5 engineering
6 Nobuyuki KOGURE, Masaaki SHIRAHASE, Shoji OISHI, Akihiko OHI, Ikuo TAMORI
7 Air Quality Measurement Div. Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8284
12 81-298-61-8259
13 It is inferred that current authorized method (JIS Z8808) for measuring source
dust can not estimate substances emitted from stationary sources which might
change to supended particulate matter (Ssuspendedhe ambient air.
We call the substances, which are emitted from the sources as gaseous
component, and immediately changed to particles in the air near the stack, as
the condensed dust.
This research aims to establish the simplified-automatic measuring method of
concentration and chemical component on particle size of source dust including
condensed dust.
14 Nobuyuki Kogure, Study on Measurement Method for Condensed Particulate Matter
Discharged from Stationary Sources, Proc. 10th World Clean Air Congress,
61, 1995
15
1 Estimation of Collection Techniques and Development of
Rapid Measuring Method of Source Dust
2 1996-1999
3 air
4 counter measures, measurement
5 engineering
6 Nobuyuki KOGURE, Masaaki SHIRAHASE, Shoji OISHI, Hidenori YOSHIYAMA,
Akihiko OHI, Ikuo TAMORI
7 Air Quality Measurement Div. Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8284
12 81-298-61-8259
13 This research aims to estimate the collection techniques of source dust
emitted from coal combustion, which gives a great contribution to air
pollution in China, and establish the development of rapid measuring method
of source dust, which is an important measures for estimating the collection
techniques.
14
15 Hangzhou Environmental Protection Research Institute (China)
1 Studies for Production og Greenhouse Gas Datasets:
Stable Isotopic Characterization of Greenhouse Gases and Their Source Materials
2 1994-1997
3 global change
4 monitoring, source inventory
5 environmental science
6 Shingo UEDA, Toshiyuki TANAKA
7 Air Quality Measurement Div. Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8286
12 81-298-61-8258
13 Tropical ecosystem plays an important role in cyclings of global warming
substances as asource or a sink for atmosphere. In this research, data sets
of emission flux and stable isotopic ratio of greenhouse gases from forest
soil in Thailand are created. An algorism estimating emission rates of
greenhouse gases by using stable isotopic fingarprintis.
14
15 Department of Land Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
(Thailand)
Prince of Songkla University (Thailand)
1 Measuring Method of Composition and Optical Characteristics of Tropospheric
Aerosol
2 1996-1998
3 global change
4 measurement, monitoring
5 engineering, physics
6 Hidenori YOSHIYAMA, Masaaki SHIRAHASE, Nobuyuki KOGURE, Akihiko OHI, Seiji KOGA
7 Air Quality Measurement Div. Atmospheric Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8283
12 81-298-61-8283
13 This research aims to develop the measuring method of real-time composition
(sulfuric acid ion) of tropospheric aerosol and clarify the optical
characteristics of individual particles in the aerosol from scattering
phenomena.
14
15
1 Catalytic Technology Related to Combustion Exhaust
2 1994-1996
3 global change, air
4 counter measures, reaction mechanism
5 engineering, chemistry
6 Ikuo TAMORI, Koichi MIZUNO, Akihiko OHI, Satoshi KUSHIYAMA, Akira OBUCHI,
Atsushi OGATA, Hiroshi YAGITA, Gratian R.BAMWENDA, Junko OI,
7 Environmental Technology Lab., Atmospheric Environment Protection Dept.,
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8273
12 81-298-61-8259
13 This project is an international cooperative study aiming at elucidating
surface properties of precious metal loaded catalyst for NOx removal,
in particular N2O decomposition.
14 1) Atsushi Ogata et. al., Active Sites and Redox Properties of Supported
Palladium Catalysts for Nitric Oxide Direct Decomposition, J. Catal.,
144, 452 (1994)
2) Junko Oi et al., Catalytic Decomposition of N2O over Rhodium-Lorded
Metal Oxides, Chem. Lett., 1995,453
15 Institut du Recherches sur la Catalyse and Laboratoire d'Application de la
Chimie a l'Environnement, CNRS, France
1 Catalysis for Lean-burn Gasoline Engines-Catalytic Properies and Reaction
Mechanisms-
2 1993-2000
3 global change, air
4 counter measures, reaction mechanism
5 engineering, chemistry
6 Ikuo TAMORI, Koichi MIZUNO, Akihiko OHI, Akira OBUCHI,
Atsushi OGATA, Hiroshi YAGITA, Gratian G. BAMWENDA, Junko OI
7 Environmental Technology Lab., Atmospheric Environment Protection Dept.,
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8273
12 81-298-61-8259
13 This project is dedicated to DeNOx catalysis for lean-burn engines, where
fuel consumption is less while NOx is emitted in oxygen-rich exhaust.
14 1) Akira Obuchi et. al., Selective Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides with Various
Organic Substances on Precious Metal Catalysts under a High GHSV
Condition, Second Japan-EC Joint Workshop on the Frontiers of Catalytic
Science and Technology, p.87, 1995.
2) G.R. Bamwenda et .al., Selective Reduction of Nitric Oxide with Propene
over Platinum-Group Based Catalysts: Studies of Surface Speceis and
Catalytic Activity, Appl. Catal. B: Environmental, 6, 311, 1995.
15
1 Chemical Conversion/Decomposition of Methane by Catalysis
2 1991-1996
3 global change, air
4 counter measures, reaction mechanism
5 engineering, chemistry
6 Ikuo TAMORI, Koichi MIZUNO, Satoshi KUSHIYAMA, Akira OBUCHI,
Atsushi OGATA, Hiroshi YAGITA
7 Environmental Technology Lab., Atmospheric Environment Protection Dept.,
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8273
12 81-298-61-8259
13 Catalytic conversion/decomposition of methane, a constituent of natural gas
and one of greenhouse gases, is investigated on dehydrogenative coupling
under hydrogen stream, electric activation or photoactivation, where
carbon-ca rbon bonds are formed to give higher hydrocarbons such as
ethylene, acetylene, and so on.
14 1) Atsushi Ogata et. al., Photoactivation of Methane on Metal Ion-Supported
Silica Gel, Chem. Lett., 1995, 1117.
2) Hiroshi Yagita et. al., Catalytic Dehydrogenative Coupling of Methane at
High Temperature on Active Carbon-Effect of Total Reaction Pressure-,
Environmental Catalysis, EFCE Pub. Series 112, p.639, 1995.
15
1 Selective Separation Technique for Volatile Organic Halogenated Compounds
2 1992-1996
3 air, hazardous substances
4 counter measures, other (materials)
5 engineering, chemistry
6 Ikuo TAMORI, Satoshi KUSHIYAMA, Isamu UEMASU, Satoru KOBAYASHI, Reiji AIZAWA
7 Environmental Technology Lab., Atmospheric Environment Protection Dept.,
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8273
12 81-298-61-8259
13 Toxic halogenated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene and carbon
tetrachloride in gas-phase are captured by cyclodextrins in liquid phase or
zeolites on solid surface. Materials are chemically modified for their
effective occlusion.
14 1) Isamu Uemasu et al., Inclusion Complexation of Volatile Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Solutions of Branched Cyclodextrins, J. Incl.
Phenom., 17, 177, 1994.
15
1 Microwave-assisted Treatment Technique for Hazardous Organic Air Pollutants
2 1996-2000
3 air, hazardous substances
4 counter measures, reaction mechanism, other (materials)
5 engineering, chemistry
6 Ikuo TAMORI, Koichi MIZUNO, Satoshi KUSHIYAMA, Satoru KOBAYASHI,
Atsushi OGATA, Hiroshi YAGITA
7 Environmental Technology Lab., Atmospheric Environment Protection Dept.,
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8273
12 81-298-61-8259
13 Selective adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene
and toluene on zeolites from gas mixtures containing water or other
hydrophilic substances is controlled by microwave irradiation.
Catalysis-assisted plasma decomposition of VOCs and other organic hazardous
substances is also investigated.
14 1) Satoru Kobayashi et. al., Study of Adsorption Isotherm for
Chlorofluorocarbons on Zeolites, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1994, 828.
2) Toshiaki Yamamoto, Koichi Mizuno, Atsushi Ogata, et. al.,
Catalysis-Assisited Plasma Technology gor Carbon Tetrachloride Destruction,
IEEE-IAS Ann. Conf., 1994.
15
1 Removal of Trihalomethane Precoursors from Refractory Colored Wastewater
2 1995-1999
3 water, hazardous substances
4 reaction mechanism, counter measures
5 chemistry,
6 Akira MIYAZAKI, Nobuyuki TAKAHASHI, Toshihiro NAKAI, Yoshio SATOH,
Hiroshi SAKAMOTO, Nobuyuki KIKUKAWA, Katsunori KOSUGE
7 Advanced Water Treatment Div., Hydrospheric Environment Protection Dept.
Siliceous Meterials Div., Materials Processing Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569
10 Japan
11 81-298-61-8322
12 81-298-61-8308
13 Refractory colored water has a complex in composition and contains a variety
of components such as dyestuffs and surfactants. These components are thought
to have possibly a high trialomethane formation power and must be highly
treated to protect hydrosperic environment, especially reservoir. The aim of
this study is to investigate the relashionship between the structure and
toxicity of these hazardous substances and to develop a new system for the
removal of toxicity from refractory colored wastewater.
In this study, Ozonation with biological treatment and adsorption using a
high-efficient adsorbent are investigated as key technologies. Decoloration
and enhancement in biodegradability induced by ozonation and further removal
of hazardous substances by following biological treatment are studied in the
former. The development of a high-efficient adsorbent containing a layer
structure and the establishment of its regeneration method are studied in the
latter. In addition, a new system combined with these key technologies are
developed.
14 1) Nobuyuki TAKAHASHI et al., Variation of Biodegradability of Nitrogenous
Organic Compounds by Ozonation, Wat.Res., 28, 1563-1570(1994)
2) Nobuyuki TAKAHASHI et al., 0zonolysis of Humic Acid and its Effect on
Decoloration and Biodegradability, Ozone Sci.& Eng., 17, 511-525(1995)
15
1 Nitrogen Removal by a Membrane Reactor
2 1986-1992
3 water
4 reaction mechanisms
5 engineering, chemistry, biology
6 Yuichi SUWA1, Hiroki TOYOHARA2, Tsuneo Suzuki3, Tetsundo TASHIRO1,
Takao YAMAGISHI1, Yoshikuni URUSHIGAWA1
7 1, Ecological Chemistry and Microbilogy Div.,
Hydroshperic Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI; Chiyoda Corp.,; Hitachi PlantEngng. & Constr. Co. Ltd.,
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569
10 JAPAN
11 81-298-61-8318
12 81-298-61-8309
13 Nitrogen removal by a bioreactor equipped with membrane filtration was
studied. Nitrogen and BOD removal rates were determined in following
experimental conditions: BOD loading, 0.33-1.66 g l-1 d-1; Total Kjerdahl
nitrogen (TKN) loading, 0.032-0.268 gN l-1 d-1; a BOD/TKN ratio, 1.8-24.5;a
sludge retention time, 54-4,200 days. Grater than 97 % of organic carbon was
removed regardless of BOD loading. The denitrification rate increased with
BOD loading and percentage of removed TKN was increased with the BOD/TKN
ratio in the influent. Ammoniua-nitrogen in wastewater with BOD/TKN ratio of
5.0 was completely removed by intermittent aeration.
The denitrification rate reached 0.0074 gN VSS-1 d-1. The results obtained
in this study demonstrates that a single-stage single-sludge activated
sludge process with membrane filtration maintained both types of
microorganisms, nitrifiers and denitrifiers, without loosing a high activity.
14 1) Suwa Y. et al. Simultenious Organic Carbon Removal-Nitrification by
Activated sludge Process with Cross-Flow Filtration.
J. Ferment. Bioengng. 67:119-125. 1989.
2) Tashiro, T. et al. Ammonium Oxidation by an Activated Sludge Process with
Cross-Flow Filtration. Hakkoukogaku. 68:31-34 (in Japanese).
3) Suwa, Y. et al. The Effect of Increasing of Nitrogen Loading on Ammonium
Oxidation by an Activated Sludge Process with Cross-Flow Filtration.
Japan J. Water Pollutt. Res. 14:261-265 1991. (in Japanese).
4) Suwa, Y. et al. Single-Sytage, Single-Sludge Nitrogen Removal by an
Activated Sludge Process with Cross- Flow Filtration. Water Res.
26:1149-1157. 1992.
15
1 Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria with different sensitivities to (NH4)2SO4
in activated sludges
2 1986-1992
3 water
4 ammonia oxidizing bacteria, countermeasures
5 engineering, microbiology
6 Yuichi SUWA1, Yasuo IMAMURA2, Tsuneo SUZUKI3, Tetsundo TASHIRO1,
and Yoshikuni URUSHIGAWA1
7 1, Ecological Chemistry and Microbilogy Div.,
Hydroshperic Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI; Chiyoda Corp.,; Hitachi Plant Engng. & Constr. Co. Ltd.,
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569
10 JAPAN
11 81-298-61-8318
12 81-298-61-8309
13 Ammonia oxidizers were enumerated in 34 activated sludges, including sludges
of which were from sewage treatment plants (S-sludge), nightsoil treatment
plants (N-sludge), and activated sludges cultivated with organic (O-sludge)
or inorganic (I-sludge) artificial wastewaters in the laboratory. Two media
were used for enumeration, one containing 0.76 mM (AL medium) and the other
37.9 mM (AH medium) of (NH4)2SO4.
The MPN estimated with AL medium were higher than those with AH medium in
S-sludges, N-sludges, and O-sludges, while both media gave almost the same
MPN for I-sludges. Ten ammonia oxidizers, all identified as Nitrosomonas
spp., were isolated from sludge samples. Isolates obtained as predominants
in S- and O-sludges were sensitive to (NH4)2SO4; they grew in medium
containing 0.71 mM of (NH4)2SO4 but not in medium containing 35.7 mM of
(NH4)2SO4. On the other hand, those obtained as predominants in an I-sludge,
as well as ATCC strains grew in both media. The Monod equation described the
relationship between (NH4)2SO4 concentration and nitrite production rates for
(NH4)2SO4-insensitive strains but not for sensitive strains, which exhibited
a relationship closer to the Haldane equation describing substrate inhibition
kinetics. Among isolates obtained from a S-sludge sample, Km and Vmax values
of an (NH4)2SO4-sensitive strain were much lower than those of an insensitive
strain. Similarly, among laboratory sludge isolates, Km and Vmax values of an
(NH4)2SO4-sensitive strain from an O-sludge were lower than those of an
insensitive strain from an I-sludge. These results suggest that
(NH4)2SO4-sensitive strains had a growth advantage in lower (NH4)2SO4
concentrations, while insensitive strains had an advantage in higher
(NH4)2SO4 concentrations.
14 1) Tashiro, T. et al. Ammonium Oxidation by an Activated Sludge Processwith
Cross-Flow Filtration. Hakkoukogaku. 68:31-34 (in Japanese).
2) Suwa, Y. et al. Single-Sytage, Single-Sludge Nitrogen Removal by an
Activated Sludge Process with Cross- Flow Filtration. Water Res.
26:1149-1157. 1992.
3) Suwa, Y. et al. Ammnonia-Oxidizing Bactria with Doiffernt Sensitivities
to (NH4)2SO4 in activated Sludge. Water Res. 28:1523-1532. 1994.
15
1 Analysis of total microbial community structure and predominant nitrifying
population in nitrifying activated sudges by moecular methods
2 1995-
3 water
4 ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, countermeasures,
reaction mechanism
5 engineering, microbiology, molecular biology
6 William E. HOLBEN1, Kazuhiko NOTO2, Tatsuo SUMINO2, and Yuichi SUWA3
7 University of Montana; Hitachi Plant Engineering and Construction Co. Ltd.,;
Ecological Chemistry and Microbilogy Div.,
Hydroshperic Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569
10 JAPAN, U.S.A.
11 81-298-61-8318
12 81-298-61-8309
13 Total microbial community structure and predominant nitrifying population in
each compartment of a model three-vessel system, which has a series of
sequential nitrifying reactions, was analyzed by molecular methods. Ammonium
nitrogen was supplied at a rate of 5.0 g-N.d-1.(L of granule)-1. A half each
of ammonia nitrogen loaded into the system was oxidized to nitrite in the
first and the second compartments, respectively, and nitrite oxidation was
solely occurred in the third compartment. G+C content based fractionation of
total bacterial community DNA revealed that populations having 50 and 68% G+C
predominated in the first two compartments, and those having 60 and 68% G+C
did in the third compartment. The 50% and 60% G+C populations likely
represents ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing populations, respectively,
which are known to have this %G+C content and are active in these
compartments. The 50% G+C population from the first compartment hybridized
strongly with amo (ammonia monooxygenase) and hao (hydroxylamine
oxidoreductase) gene probes from Nitrosomonas europaea, and that from the
second compartment hybridized strongly to the hao probe but only weakly to
the amo probe suggesting that the predominant ammonia-oxidizing populations
in the first and second compartments might be different.
It appears that these nitrification processes may be somewhat incompatible,
resulting in a series of sequential reactions in this three vessel system.
14 1) Abstr. 96th Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.
15
1 Sequence of the gene encoding a subunit of ammonia mono-oxygenase,amoa,
from a (NH4)2SO4-sensitive ammonia-oxidizing bacteria isolated from
activated sludge.
2 1994-
3 water
4 ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, ammonia monooxygenase, DNA,
reaction mechanism, modeling
5 engineering, microbiology, molecular biology
6 Yuichi SUWA1, Kazuhiko NOTO2, Tatsuo SUMINO2, and Yoshikuni URUSHIGAWA1
7 Ecological Chemistry and Microbilogy Div.,
Hydroshperic Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI; Hitachi Plant Engineering and Construction Co. Ltd.,
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569
10 JAPAN, U.S.A.
11 81-298-61-8318
12 81-298-61-8309
13 Ammonia oxidizers play a key role in the global nitrogen cycle because they
are solely responsible for oxidizing ammonia to nitrite. The ammonia oxidation
is due to ammonia monooxygenase, Amo. Most of the previously described ammonia
oxidizers are reportedly insensitive to ammonia toxicity. However, we have
shown that (NH4)2SO4-sensitive ammonia oxidizers predominate in many waste
water treatment facilities. Further, growth kinetics showed that sensitive
strains have lower Km value with respect to the substrate. The aim of this
study is to examine thedifferences between the amoa gene in
substrate-sensitive and insensitive strains. Strain JL21 was isolated from a
laboratory activated sludge and shown to grow on up to 5-10 mM (NH4)2SO4,
whereas four ATCC ammonia oxidizing strains, two each of Nitrosomonas and
Nitrosolobus strains, tolerated 35 mM (NH4)2SO4. The 16SrDNA sequence of
JL21 was more similar to Nitrosolobus and Nitrosospira spp.
than Nitrosomonas spp., which might indicate a unique phylogenetic position
for the strain. A whole ammonia monooxygenase a gene (amoa) from JL21 was
PCR-amplified and sequenced. It was shown that 76% of the nucleotide sequence
was identical to that reported for Nitrosomonas europaea. Comparing amino acid
sequences from these two strains, 83% identity was found.
The result indicates that the Amoa sequence could be well-conserved
regardless of sensitivity to the energy source.
14 Abstr. 96th Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.
15
1 Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Sediment
2 1992-1994
3 water, hazardous substances
4 reaction mechanisms, fate
5 chemistry, biology, ecology
6 Yoshitaka YONEZAWA, Shigeki MASUNAGA, Manabu FUKUI, Yoshikuni URUSHIGAWA
7 Ecological Chemistry and Microbilogy Div.
Hydroshperic Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569
10 JAPAN
11 81-298-61-8311
12 81-298-61-8309
13 Transformation reactions of chemicals in the sediment is important for
estimating of their fate in the environment, because sediment layer
accumulate a great deal of man-made chemicals discharged from industrial
activities. We studied transformation pathwayes of tri-n-butyltin and
trichloro-benzene in Ise bay sediment. The results showed that the
transformation pathwayes and activities were affected by sulfate reducing
activity in the sediment. The contribution of abiotic reaction in sediment
were studied by benzonitril transformation.The results showed that the
abiotic reaction mediated by the extracted sediment protein fraction was
responsible for at least part of the reaction occurring in raw sediment.
14 1) S. Masunaga, et al. T ransformation of para-Substituted Benzonitriles in
Sediment and in Sediment Extract Water Sci. Technol. 28:123-132 1993.
2) Dechlorination of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene in the Sediment of Ise Bay.
1994. Yonezawa, Y., M. Fukui, S. Masunaga, and Y. Urushigawa.
Chemosphere 28:2179-2184
3) Degradation of Tri-n-butyltin in Ise bay Sediment. Yonezawa, Y., M. Fukui,
T. Yoshida, A. Ochi, T. Tanaka, Y.i Noguti, T. Kowata, Y.i Sato,
S. Masunaga, and Y. Urushigawa. 1994. Chemosphere. 29:1349-1356
15
1 Microbial Remediation of Polluted Environment
2 1995-1999
3 water, hazardous substances
4 reaction mechanisms, fate
5 chemistry, biology, ecology
6 Yoshitaka YONEZAWA, Hideki MASUNAGA, Yuichi SUWA, Yasutoshi MATSUI,
Fumio YAMAGUTI, Manabu FUKUI, and Rie TAKEUCHI., Yoshikuni URUSHIGAWA
7 Ecological Chemistry and Microbilogy Div.
Hydroshperic EnvironmentalProtection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569
10 JAPAN
11 81-298-61-8311
12 81-298-61-8309
13 Many physical and chemical means for eliminating hazardous organic chemicals
have been developed and examined. Authentic techniques which have been
developed for waste water treatment could be effective for the highly polluted
and space-limited sites, but they may not be for the less polluted and
spacious sites. Bioremediation is a new technology which is considered the
most effective mean for the latter cases. Our studies are focusing on the
following topics.
1) Determination of biodegradation activities and pathways of hazardous
organic chemicals in polluted sites.
2) Enrichment and activity control of microorganisms responsible for
hazardous organic chemicals degradation at a low concentration.
3) Physiological and genetical charcterization of microorganisms
responsible for degradation of hazardous organic chemicals at a low
concentration.
We have heavily industrialized coastal areas, of which sediment sometimes
receives large amounts of hazerdous chemicals, in Japan,. In such polluted
coastal environment, chlorinated organic compounds are major concern because
of their wide use, toxicity and recalcitrance in environment. In general,
highly chlorinated compounds are more toxic and persistence against biological
degradation than less chlorinated in anaerobic environment. Dechlorinated
compounds could be subjected to totally degraded to carbon dioxide by microbes
in aerobic environment.
Therefore, anaerobic dechlorination has been thought to be the most important
step for elimination of chrolinated compounds from the environments, and thus
biological dechlorination processes in anaerobic estuarine sediment has become
of the greatest interest in environmental sciences.
14 1) Microbial degradation technology of hazardous chemicals (How can we
evaluate the in situ microbial activetyAReaction kineticsjYonezawa,
Y. Sigen-to-kankyou 5,(1),51-58 (in Japanese).
2) Pathway and rate ofchlorophenol transformation in anaerobic esturine
sediment. Masunaga, S., Susarla, S., Gundersen, J. L., Yonezawa,
Y. Environ. Sci., Technol. 30(4):1253-1260
3) Transformation of chloronitrobenzenes in anaerobic sediment Susarla, S.,
Masunaga, S., Yonezawa, Y. Chemosphere 32:967-972 1996/4/1
15
1 Behaviors of Synthetic Organic Compounds in Coastal Environment
2 1987-1991
3 water, hazardous substances, others
4 fate, modeling
5 chemistry, biology, physics
6 Kisaburo NAKATA, Fumio HORIGU,Shigeki MASUNAGA, Manabu FUKUI,
Yoshitaka YONEZAWA,
7 Marin Environment Div. of Environmental Assessment Dept.
and Ecological Chemistry and MicrobilogyDiv.
Hydroshperic Environmental Protection Dept.
8 NIRE, AIST, MITI
9 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569
10 JAPAN
11 81-298-61-8311
12 81-298-61-8309
13 In order to develop a mnumerical model estimating the behavior of discharged
pollutants to coastal environment, we survayed distributions and behaviors of
chlrobenzens and butyltins in Ise Bay. Their distribution patterns in the
surface sediment were explained by the following effects: the distance from
the source, the horizontal transport caused by the river inflows, and the
sedimentation caused by downward water flow. The transportation of the
pollutants from surface water to bottom sediment was explained by the
process of their absorption to suspended matter and their settling on
suspended matter.
14 1) The distribution of chlorobenzenes in the bottom sediment of Ise Bay.
1991. Masunaga, S., Y. Yonezawa, and Y.Urushigawa. Water Res. 25:275-288.
2) The Behavior of chlorobenzenes in Ise Bay, estimeted from their
concentration in various environmental media. 1991. Masunaga, S.,
Y. Yonezawa and Y. Urushigawa. Water Res. 25:289-297
3) Distribution of Butyltins in the surface sediment of Ise Bay,
Japan. Yonezawa, Y., K. Nakata, Y. Miyakozawa, A. Ochi, T. Kowata,
H. Fukawa, Y. Sato, S. Masunaga and Y. Urushigawa. 1993. Environ.
Toxicol. and Chem. 12:1175-1184
4) Partitioning of chlorobenzenes between suspended particulate and water in
coastal waters. Masunaga, S., Yonezawa, Y., Fukui, M., Urushigawa,
Y. J. Environ. Sci. & Health 1996. A31(4):887-903
15
