Special Issue
Technological Approach for Dioxin Problem
Original Paper
Environmental Policies on Dioxins(PCDD/FS), Focusing on the Emission
- Reduction Measures in the Manufacturing Industries Sector -
Yoshikazu GOTOH (Director, Environmental Protection Guidance Office, Environmental Protection and Industrial Location Bureau, Ministry of International Trade and Industry)
Abstract
The burden on the environment imposed by the emission of PCDD/Fs has been regarded as a substantial issue in recent years. So, deployment of measures to solve this problem is an urgent requirement in environmental policies.
The author focussed on the source inventory of manufacturing industries, as a further step than only the reduction of emission of PCDD/Fs from waste incinerators.
As much as 19 industry areas have been picked to represent the manufacturing industries sector. The process between the investigation and the application of reduction measures is introduced and then the effective manner of this process is examined.
According to the inventory of sources of PCDD/Fs in Japan in 1998, the amount of emission from the manufacturing industries is 381.8g-TEQ/yr or 7.1-7.3% of the total. Taking the current emission status into account, the Electric Furnace Steel Manufacturing Industry has been designated to be subject to the Air Pollution Control Act. Then, three industries, i.e., the Iron and Steel Sintering Process, Zinc Recovery and Aluminum Alloy Manufacturing, which have a relatively high rank in density or amount of emission, came forth with voluntary reduction guidelines for dioxins. Total amount of emission by the manufacturing industries is expected to drop by 30% by the year 2002 when the plans made by the industries are carried out.
Finally, practicality of the related issues regarding the initiative to deal with the dioxin problem of the manufacturing industries, which was introduced by the Japanese cabinet at the end of March 1999, is argued.
Key words: inventory of sources of PCDD/Fs, manufacturing industries sector,emission reduction measures
(Language:Japanese)
Review
Present Situation and Trends of Dioxin Problems
Masakatsu HIRAOKA (Research Center for ECO-Technology, Ritsumeikan University)
Abstract
The history of waste treatment In postwar Japan can be divided into three periods. The first period began with the treatment of the 1954 Public Cleansing Law. The second period was waste treatment corresponded with Japan's period of rapid economic growth since the Public Cleansing Law was completely revised as the Waste Treatment Law. The third period Is now on going for changing the society from the mass consumption system to the recycle oriented system. Since First 5 year's plan by government for establishing the waste treatment system many incinerating facilities of municipal solid waste were built in the cities throughout the country. Historical background of dioxin's problems and mechanism of production during the combustion process was described. Risk evaluation of dioxins by government was discussed and recent development of technologies preventing the emissions of dioxins were evaluated.
Key words: Dioxin, Solid Wastes, Incineration, Recycle
(Language:Japanese)
Review
Current State of Research and Development in Dioxins Problem
Masaaki OYA (Thermal Energy and Combustion Engineering Dept., NIRE)
Abstract
The environmental pollution caused in association with dioxins has been one of the most urgent problems in Japan. Dioxins have been acknowledged as one of the most toxic chemicals.
In this paper, the research topics of dioxins exhausted along with the waste incineration and the current state of the research are described. Moreover, an outline of the dioxin research by National Institute for Resources and Environment is described.
Key words: dioxins, waste incineration, combustion
(Language:Japanese)
Review
Mechanisms for the formation of polychlorinated-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in combustion
Kentaro TSUCHIYA (Combustion Engineering Div., Thermal Energy and Combustion Engineering Dept., NIRE)
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans are very toxic compounds formed especially during human activities. This paper summarizes the mechanisms of the formation of these species in combustion and incineration. Challenges to the detection of chlorinated aromatic compounds by laser ionization mass spectrometry and cavity ring down laser absorption spectrometry are also introduced in this article.
Key words: Dibenzodioxin, Dibenzofuran, mechanism, combustion, incineration
(Language:Japanese)
Review
Dioxin formation in incineration of chlorinated organic compounds
Masao TAKEUCHI (Advanced Combustion Systems Div., Thermal Energy and Combustion Engineering Dept., NIRE)
Abstract
Undoubtedly chlorine in waste has a certain influence on the dioxin formation in incineration. However, discussions are still being continued as to whether the effects of chlorine sources are large or not. This paper introduces recent studies, including the influence of chlorine sources on dioxin formation. Other factors such as catalysts or carbon sources, are also described. Furthermore, an outline of the research work of dioxin formation during combustion of synthetic waste that was carried out at NIRE are introduced briefly.
Key words: Dioxin, Incineration, Chlorine sources
(Language:Japanese)
Review
Properties of polychlorinated naphthalenes concerning polychlorinated dioxins
Takashi IMAGAWA (Water Analysis Div., Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Dept., NIRE)
Abstract
Physical and chemical properties of polychlorinated naphthalenes are reviewed in the aspect of the reaction pathway of formation concerning polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) . PCNs are composed of the same number of isomers and a few of them are considered to have similar toxicity with PCDDs and PCDFs. The procedure for isomer specific analysis was developed to clarify the relation between the formation pathway and isomer composition. The contribution of each pathway will be studied in future by comparing the composition of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCNs.
Key words: Waste Incineration, Polychlorinated Naphthalene,Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran
(Language:Japanese)
Technical Report
Present Situation and the Issues of Incineration and Dioxins in Municipalities
Hideo AZUMA (Assistant director of Planning and Publicity Division) Institute of Environmental Protection Researches, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Abstract
Solid waste management is one of the most familiar living environmental issues for most residents. NIMBY syndrome involved in a waste disposal facility construction has become a daily matter these days. While dioxins problem should anxiously amplify the syndrome, the problem might have brought further improvement over incineration and pollution control technology. This paper presents an introduction of dioxins reduction countermeasures by both Public Cleansing and Environmental Protection Bureaus of Tokyo Metropolitan Government(TMG). Next, besides introducing the history of waste incineration in TMG based on reviewing a variety of pollution control technology improvements, the current dioxin problem is considered. Fuel characteristics of solid wastes, which are fundamentaly related to dioxin emission, are also considered. The problems and issues of small-sized incinerators operated by business entrepreneurs are discussed in the view point of regulative guidance. Finally, present
issues and the future of incineration are presented.
Key words: TMG Policy of counteremeasures against Dioxins, Tokyo Slim Plan 21, municipal waste incineration, characteristics of solid wastes as fuel, pollution control, small-sized incinerator, the rising disposal cost, alternatives to incineration
(Language:Japanese)
Review
Dioxin Control at Municipal Waste Incinerator
Hajime TEJIMAI (E ; E Division., Takuma Co., Ltd.)
Abstract
The zfuidelines for Controlling PCDDs/Fs in Municipal Waste Management - PCDDs/Fs Reduction Programzissued in January 1997, together with subsequent amendments to the Air Pollution Control Law and Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law, finally heralded Japan's inclusion to the era of 0.1ng-TEQ/Nm3.
Ever since the newspaper report of 1983, incineration plant manufactures have been investing large sum of money in research to develop technologies for the reduction of dioxins. Considerable success has been achieved in areas such as improved combustion, reduction of dioxins at intermittently operated plants, exhaust gas treatment and ash treatment. The major technologies in regard to these areas will be introduced in the following article.
Key words: MSW incineration, Dioxin control,Combustion control, Fluegas treatment, Ash treatment
(Language:Japanese)
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